Hardware

In the previous post I described a PID controller tested with randomly generated data in a controlled range. The simulation phase is now complete and the results look promising. Time to move to real hardware: connecting the algorithm to an actual pH probe. critical requirement: galvanic isolation Due to very low signal levels and extremely high input impedance of typical pH electrodes, full galvanic isolation between the probe circuitry and the rest of the system is mandatory. Any ground loop or leakage current destroys measurement accuracy. ...

Breakdown voltage is a critical parameter in power electronics - it determines whether a device survives high voltage stress or fails catastrophically. Here’s a breakdown of the physics and practical implications. what is breakdown voltage? The breakdown voltage (also called withstand voltage) is the maximum reverse voltage a semiconductor device - such as a diode, triac, MOSFET or IGBT power transistor - can withstand across its terminals before it’s blown. ...

New MCU on the market? Cue the influencer unboxing frenzy. Meanwhile in real commercial projects? Nobody cares about the hype. Here’s what actually happens when you take an embedded product from idea to mass production. Market trends are just one factor – and usually not even the most important one. The consecutive iteration of a prototype that gives satisfactory results is ready for extensive testings define the scope of the project Everything starts with a meeting with the product manager. ...